Very much taken for granted in modern times, the torch is the modern day version of the oil lamp. Where miners at the turn of the century would have a candle fixed to their helmets, they now have a torch.
The simplest ones consist of three electrical components: bulb, battery and switch, which are usually housed in a plastic case. The current flows from the positive terminal on the battery (or batteries), through the switch to the bulb, and back to the battery at the negative terminal. The switch usually has a slide action, many also having a push button enabling the torch to be used as a flashlight.
Once the electrical circuit is complete, the bulb will light. Often the bulb does not appear very bright because the light is emitted from all around the bulb. There is a reflective shade behind the bulb to direct most of the light forwards. This light is then refracted by the lens at the front to focus the beam. The development over the last ten years of the re-chargeable battery has contributed to the development of the re-chargeable torch. Many are now supplied with a wall holder so that they can be fixed, for example, to a kitchen wall. This holder has electrical connections and a cable runs from the holder to a socket outlet where it is left plugged in. Instead of a standard battery the torch is fitted with a re-chargeable version. The torch is then left in its wall holder where its battery receives a constant charge. It can then be removed at any time when required and will normally provide around an hour of light before the battery requires re-charging.
In addition to being used by practically every household, the torch of some description is now regarded as an essential item of equipment for trades and professions from plumbers to doctors, as well as being a common accessory found in the boot of many cars.
